Railway Programming is an idea that came out of the F# community as a way to develop for “sad path” exception cases without having to resort to throwing .NET Exceptions as a way of doing flow control. Railway Programming works by chaining together functions with a standardized response in such a way that it’s relatively easy to abort workflows as preliminary steps are found to be invalid while still passing the results of the preceding function as the input into the next function.
Wolverine has some direct support for a quasi-Railway Programming approach by moving validation or data loading steps prior to the main message handler or HTTP endpoint logic. Let’s jump into a quick sample that works with either message handlers or HTTP endpoints using the built in HandlerContinuation enum:
public static class ShipOrderHandler
{
// This would be called first
public static async Task<(HandlerContinuation, Order?, Customer?)> LoadAsync(ShipOrder command, IDocumentSession session)
{
var order = await session.LoadAsync<Order>(command.OrderId);
if (order == null)
{
return (HandlerContinuation.Stop, null, null);
}
var customer = await session.LoadAsync<Customer>(command.CustomerId);
return (HandlerContinuation.Continue, order, customer);
}
// The main method becomes the "happy path", which also helps simplify it
public static IEnumerable<object> Handle(ShipOrder command, Order order, Customer customer)
{
// use the command data, plus the related Order & Customer data to
// "decide" what action to take next
yield return new MailOvernight(order.Id);
}
}
By naming convention (but you can override the method naming with attributes as you see fit), Wolverine will try to generate code that will call methods named Before/Validate/Load(Async) before the main message handler method or the HTTP endpoint method. You can use this compound handler approach to do set up work like loading data required by business logic in the main method or in this case, as validation logic that can stop further processing based on failed validation or data requirements or system state. Some Wolverine users like using these method to keep the main methods relatively simple and focused on the “happy path” and business logic in pure functions that are easier to unit test in isolation.
By returning a HandlerContinuation value either by itself or as part of a tuple returned by a Before, Validate, or LoadAsync method, you can direct Wolverine to stop all other processing.
You have more specialized ways of doing that in HTTP endpoints by using the ProblemDetails specification to stop processing like this example that uses a Validate() method to potentially stop processing with a descriptive 400 and error message:
public record CategoriseIncident(
IncidentCategory Category,
Guid CategorisedBy,
int Version
);
public static class CategoriseIncidentEndpoint
{
// This is Wolverine's form of "Railway Programming"
// Wolverine will execute this before the main endpoint,
// and stop all processing if the ProblemDetails is *not*
// "NoProblems"
public static ProblemDetails Validate(Incident incident)
{
return incident.Status == IncidentStatus.Closed
? new ProblemDetails { Detail = "Incident is already closed" }
// All good, keep going!
: WolverineContinue.NoProblems;
}
// This tells Wolverine that the first "return value" is NOT the response
// body
[EmptyResponse]
[WolverinePost("/api/incidents/{incidentId:guid}/category")]
public static IncidentCategorised Post(
// the actual command
CategoriseIncident command,
// Wolverine is generating code to look up the Incident aggregate
// data for the event stream with this id
[Aggregate("incidentId")] Incident incident)
{
// This is a simple case where we're just appending a single event to
// the stream.
return new IncidentCategorised(incident.Id, command.Category, command.CategorisedBy);
}
}
The value WolverineContinue.NoProblems tells Wolverine that everything is good, full speed ahead. Anything else will write the ProblemDetails value out to the response, return a 400 status code (or whatever you decide to use), and stop processing. Returning a ProblemDetails object hopefully makes these filter methods easy to unit test themselves.
You can also use the AspNetCore IResult as another formally supported “result” type in these filter methods like this shown below:
public static class ExamineFirstHandler
{
public static bool DidContinue { get; set; }
public static IResult Before([Entity] Todo2 todo)
{
return todo != null ? WolverineContinue.Result() : Results.Empty;
}
[WolverinePost("/api/todo/examinefirst")]
public static void Handle(ExamineFirst command) => DidContinue = true;
}
In this case, the “special” value WolverineContinue.Result() tells Wolverine to keep going, otherwise, Wolverine will execute the IResult returned from one of these filter methods and stop all other processing for the HTTP request.
It’s maybe a shameful approach for folks who are more inline with a Functional Programming philosophy, but you could also use a signature like:
[WolverineBefore]
public static UnauthorizedHttpResult? Authorize(SomeCommand command, ClaimsPrincipal user)
In the case above, Wolverine will do nothing if the return value is null, but will execute the UnauthorizedHttpResult response if there is, and stop any further processing. There is *some* minor value to expressing the actual IResult type above because that can be used to help generate OpenAPI metadata.
Lastly, let’s think about the very common need to write an HTTP endpoint where you want to return a 404 status code if the requested data doesn’t exist. In many cases the API user is supplying the identity value for an entity, and your HTTP endpoint will first query for that data, and if it doesn’t exist, abort the processing with the 404 status code. Wolverine has some built in help for this tedious task through its unique persistence helpers as shown in this sample HTTP endpoint below:
[WolverineGet("/orders/{id}")]
public static Order GetOrder([Entity] Order order) => order;
Note the presence of the [Entity] attribute for the Order argument to this HTTP endpoint route. That’s telling Wolverine that that data should be loaded using the “id” route argument as the Order key from whatever persistence mechanism in your application deals with the Order entity, which could be Marten of course, an EF Core DbContext that has a mapping for Order, or Wolverine’s RavenDb integration. Unless we purposely mark [Entity(Required = false)], Wolverine.HTTP will return a 404 status code if the Order entity does not exist. The simplistic sample from Wolverine’s test suite above doesn’t do any kind of mapping from the raw Order to a view model, but the mechanics of the [Entity] loading would work equally if you also mapped the raw Order to some kind of OrderViewModel maybe.
Last Thoughts
I’m pushing Wolverine users and JasperFx clients to utilize Wolverine’s quasi Railway Programming capabilities as guard clauses to better separate out validation or error condition handling into easily spotted, atomic operations while reducing the core HTTP request or message handler to being a “happy path” operation. Especially in HTTP services where the ProblemDetails specification and integration with Wolverine fits well with this pattern and where I’d expect many HTTP client tools to already know how to work with problem details responses.
There have been a few attempts to adapt Railway Programming to C# that I’m aware of, inevitably using some kind of custom Result type that denotes success or failure with the actual results for the next function. I’ve seen some folks and OSS tools try to chain functions together with nested lambda functions within a fluent interface. I’m not a fan of any of this because I think the custom Result types just add code noise and extra mechanical work, then the fluent Interface approach can easily be nasty to debug and detracts from readability by the extra code noise. But anyway, read a lot more about this in Andrew Lock’s Series: Working with the result pattern and make up your own mind.
I’ve also seen an approach where folks used MediatR handlers for each individual step in the “railway” where each handler had to return a custom Result type with the inputs for the next handler in the series. I beg you, please don’t do this in your own system because that leads to way too much complexity, code that’s much harder to reason about because of the extra hoops and indirection, and potentially poor system performance because again, you can’t see what the code is doing and you can easily end up making unnecessarily duplicate database round trips or just being way too “chatty” to the database. And no, replacing MediatR handlers with Wolverine handlers is not going to help because the pattern was the problem and not MediatR itself.
As always, the Wolverine philosophy is that the path to long term success in enterprise-y software systems is by relentlessly eliminating code ceremony so that developers can better reason about how the system’s logic and behavior works. To a large degree, Wolverine is a reaction to the very high ceremony Clean/Onion Architecture/iDesign architectural approaches of the past 15-20 years and how hard those systems can be to deal with over time.
And as happens with just about any halfway good thing in programming, some folks overused the Railway Programming idea and there’s a little bit of pushback or backlash to the technique. I can’t find the quote to give it the real attribution, but something I’ve heard Martin Fowler say is that “we don’t know how useful an idea really can be until we push it too far, then pull back a little bit.”
The Shade Tree Developer 