Yet more content on new features in Marten leading up to the 1.0 release coming soon. These posts aren’t getting many reads, but they’ll be stuck in Google/Bing for later users, so expect a couple more of these.

As part of the 1.0 release work, Marten gained the capability last week (>0.9.8) to support the concept of “soft deletes.” Instead of just deleting a document completely out of the database, a soft delete would just mark a “deleted” column in the database table to denote that the row is now obsolete. The value of a “soft delete” is simply that you don’t lose any data from the historic record. The downsides are now you’ve got more rows cluttering up your database and you probably need to filter out deleted documents from your queries.

To see this in action, let’s first configure a document type in Marten as soft deleted:

    var store = DocumentStore.For(_ =>
    {
        _.Connection(ConnectionSource.ConnectionString);
        _.Schema.For<User>().SoftDeleted();
    });

By default, Marten does a hard delete of the row, so you’ll need to explicitly opt into soft deletes per document type. There is also a [SoftDeleted] attribute in Marten that you could use to decorate a document type to specify that it should be soft deleted.

When a document type is soft deleted, Marten adds a couple extra fields to the document storage table in the database called “mt_deleted” and “mt_deleted_at” just to track whether and when a document was deleted.

In usage, it’s transparent to the user that you’re doing a soft delete instead of a hard delete:

    // Create a new User document
    var user = new User();
    session.Store(user);
    session.SaveChanges();

    // Mark it deleted
    session.Delete(user);
    session.SaveChanges();

As I said earlier, one of your challenges is to filter out deleted documents in queries. Fortunately, Marten has you covered. As the following acceptance test from Marten shows, deleted documents are automatically filtered out of the Linq query results:

    [Fact]
    public void query_soft_deleted_docs()
    {
        var user1 = new User { UserName = "foo" };
        var user2 = new User { UserName = "bar" };
        var user3 = new User { UserName = "baz" };
        var user4 = new User { UserName = "jack" };

        using (var session = theStore.OpenSession())
        {
            session.Store(user1, user2, user3, user4);
            session.SaveChanges();

            // Deleting 'bar' and 'baz'
            session.DeleteWhere<User>(x => x.UserName.StartsWith("b"));
            session.SaveChanges();

            // no where clause, deleted docs should be filtered out
            session.Query<User>().OrderBy(x => x.UserName).Select(x => x.UserName)
                .ToList().ShouldHaveTheSameElementsAs("foo", "jack");

            var sql = session.Query<User>().OrderBy(x => x.UserName).Select(x => x.UserName).ToCommand().CommandText;
                _output.WriteLine(sql);

            // with a where clause
                session.Query<User>().Where(x => x.UserName != "jack")
                .ToList().Single().UserName.ShouldBe("foo");
        }
    }

Easy peasy. Of course you may want to query against the deleted documents or against all the documents. Marten’s got you covered there too, you can use these two custom Linq extensions in Marten to include deleted documents:

1. “IDocumentSession.Query<T>().MaybeDeleted()…” will include all documents in the query, regardless of whether or not they have been deleted

2. “IDocumentSession.Query<T>().IsDeleted()…” will only include documents marked as deleted

This is a logical follow up to my last post on Document Transformations in Marten with Javascript and yet another signpost on the way to Marten 1.0. Instead of having to write your own Javascript, Marten supplies the “Patch API” described here for very common scenarios.

Before I started working on Marten, I read an article comparing the performance of writing and querying JSON data between MongoDB and Postgresql (I couldn’t find the link when I was writing this post). Long story short, Postgresql very clearly comes out on top in terms of throughput, but the author still wanted to stick with MongoDB because of its ability to do document patching where you’re able to change elements within the persisted document without having to first load it into your application, change it, and persist the whole thing back. It’s a fair point and a realistic scenario that I used with RavenDb’s Patch Commands in the past.

Fortunately, that argument is a moot point because we have a working “Patch API” model in Marten for doing document patches. This feature does require PLV8 be enabled in your Postgresql database if you want to play with this feature in our latest nugets.

For an example, let’s say that you want to change the user name of a User document without first loading it. To update a single property or field in a document by its Id, it’s just this:

public void change_user_name(IDocumentSession session, Guid userId, string newName)
{
    session.Patch<User>(userId).Set(x => x.UserName, newName);
    session.SaveChanges();
}

When IDocumentSession.SaveChanges() (or its async equivalent) is called, it will send all the patching requests queued up with all of the pending document changes in a single database call.

I should also point out that the Set() mechanism can be used with nested properties or fields and non-primitive types.

Looking at another example, what if you just want to add a new role to an existing User? For that, Marten exposes the Append() method:

public void append_role(IDocumentSession session, Guid userId, string role)
{
    session.Patch<User>(userId).Append(x => x.Roles, role);
    session.SaveChanges();
}

In the case above, the new role will be appended to the “Roles” collection in the persisted JSON document in the Postgresql database. Again, this method can be used for nested or deep properties or fields and with non-primitive elements.

As a third example, let’s say that you only want to increment some kind of counter in the JSON document:

public void increment_login_count(IDocumentSession session, Guid userId)
{
    session.Patch<User>(userId).Increment(x => x.LoginCount);
    session.SaveChanges();
}

When the above command is issued, Marten will find the current numeric value in the JSON document, add 1 to it (the increment is an optional argument not shown here), and persist the new JSON data without ever fetching it into the client. The Increment() method can be used with int’s, long’s, double’s, and float’s.

Lastly, if you want to make a patch update to many documents by some kind of criteria, you can do that too:

public void append_role_to_internal_users(IDocumentSession session, Guid userId, string role)
{
    // Adds the role to all internal users
    session.Patch<User>(x => x.Internal)
        .Append(x => x.Roles, role);

    session.SaveChanges();
}

Other “Patch” mechanisms include the ability to rename a property or field within the JSON document and the ability to insert an item into a child collection at a given index. Other patch mechanisms are planned for later as well.

In all likelihood, Marten would garner much more rapid adoption if we were able to build on top of Sql Server 2016 instead of Postgresql. Hopefully, .Net folks will be willing to try switching databases after they see how many helpful capabilities that Postgresql has that Sql Server can’t match yet. This blog post, yet one more stop along the way to Marten 1.0, demonstrates how we’re taking advantage of Postgresql’s built in Javascript engine (PLV8). 

A Common .Net Approach to “Readside” Views

Let’s say that you’re building HTTP services, and some of your HTTP endpoints will need to return some sort of “readside” representation of your persisted domain model. For the purpose of making Marten shine, let’s say that you’re going to need to work with hierarchical data. In a common .Net technology stack, you’d:

1. Load the top level model object through Entity Framework or some other kind of ORM. EF would issue a convoluted SQL query with lots of OUTER JOIN’s so that it can make a single call to the database to fetch the entire hierarchy of data you need from various tables. EF would then proceed to iterate through the sparsely populated recordset coming back and turn that into the actual domain model object represented by the data with lots of internally generated code.
2. You’d then use something like AutoMapper to transform the domain model object into a “read side” Data Transfer Object (view models, etc.) that’s more suitable to going over the wire to clients outside of your service.
3. Serialize your DTO to a JSON string and write that out to the HTTP response

Depending on how deep your hierarchy is, #1 can be expensive in the database query. The serialization in #3 is also somewhat CPU intensive.

As a contrast, here’s an example of how you might approach that exact same use case with Marten:

    var json = session.Query<User>()
        .Where(x => x.Id == user.Id)
        .TransformToJson("get_fullname").Single();

In the usage above, I’m retrieving the data for a single User document from Marten and having Postgresql transform the persisted JSON data to the format I need for the client with a pre-loaded Javascript transformation. In the case of Marten, the workflow is to:

1. Find the entire hierarchical document JSON in a single database row by its primary key
2. Apply a Javascript function to transform the persisted JSON to the format that the client needs and return a JSON representation as a String
3. Stream the JSON from the Linq query directly to the HTTP response without any additional serialization work

Not to belabor the point too much, but the Marten mechanics are simpler and probably much more efficient at runtime because:

• The underlying database query is much simpler if all the data is in one field in one row
• The Javascript transformation probably isn’t that much faster or slower than the equivalent AutoMapper mechanics, so let’s call that a wash
• You don’t have the in memory allocations to load a rich model object just to immediately transform that into a completely different model object
• You avoid the now unnecessary cost of serializing the DTO view models to a JSON string

A couple additional points:

• Jimmy Bogard reviewed this and pointed out that in some cases you could bypass the Domain Model to DTO transformation by selecting straight to the DTO, but that wouldn’t cover all cases by any means. The same limitations apply to Marten and its Select() transformation features.
• To get even more efficient in your Marten usage, the Javascript transformations can be used inside of Marten’s Compiled Query feature to avoid the CPU cost of repetitively parsing Linq statements. You can also do Javascript transformations inside of batched queries – which can of course, also be combined with the aforementioned compiled queries;)

 

Now, let’s see how it all works…

 

Building the Javascript Function

The way this works in Marten is that you write your Javascript function into a single file and export the main function with the “module.exports = ” CommonJS syntax. Marten is expecting the main function to have the signature “function(doc)” and return the transformed document.

Here’s a sample Javascript function I used to test this feature that works against a User document type:

module.exports = function(doc) {
    return {fullname: doc.FirstName + ' ' + doc.LastName};
}

Given the persisted JSON for a User document, this transformation would return a different object that would then be streamed back to the client as a JSON string.

There is some thought and even infrastructure for doing Javascript transformations with multiple, related documents, but that feature won’t make it into Marten 1.0.

To load the function into a Javascript-enabled Postgresql schema, Marten exposes this method:

    var store = DocumentStore.For(_ =>
    {
        _.Connection(ConnectionSource.ConnectionString);

        // Let Marten derive the transform name
        // from the file name
        _.Transforms.LoadFile("get_fullname.js");

        // or override the transform name
        _.Transforms.LoadFile("get_fullname.js", "fullname");
    });

Internally, Marten will wrap a PLV8 function wrapper around your Javascript function like this:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.mt_transform_get_fullname(doc jsonb)
  RETURNS jsonb AS
$BODY$

  var module = {export: {}};

module.exports = function (doc) {
    return {fullname: doc.FirstName + ' ' + doc.LastName};
}

  var func = module.exports;

  return func(doc);

$BODY$
  LANGUAGE plv8 IMMUTABLE STRICT;

My intention with the approach shown above was to allow users to write simple Javascript functions and be able to test their transformations in simple test harnesses like Mocha. By having Marten wrap the raw Javascript in a generated PLV8 function, users won’t have to be down in the weeds and worrying about Postgresql mechanics.

Depending on the configuration, Marten is good enough to build, or rebuild, the function to match the current version of the Javascript code on the first usage of that transformation. The Javascript transforms are also part of our schema management support for database migrations.

 

Transformations

The persisted JSON documents in Marten are a reflection of your .Net classes. Great, that makes it absurdly easy to keep the database schema in synch with your application code at development time — especially compared to the typical development process against a relational database. However, what happens when you really do need to make breaking changes or additions to a document type but you already have loads of persisted documents in your Marten database with the old structure?

To that end, Marten allows you to use Javascript functions to alter the existing documents in the database. As an example, let’s go back to the User document type and assume for some crazy reason that we didn’t immediately issue a user name to some subset of users. As a default, we might just assign their user names by combining their first and last names like so:

module.exports = function (doc) {
    doc.UserName = (doc.FirstName + '.' + doc.LastName).toLowerCase();

    return doc;
}

To apply this transformation to existing rows in the database, Marten exposes this syntax:

    var store = DocumentStore.For(_ =>
    {
        _.Connection(ConnectionSource.ConnectionString);

        _.Transforms.LoadFile("default_username.js");
    });

    store.Transform
        .Where<User>("default_username", x => x.UserName == null);

When you run the code above, Marten will issue a single SQL statement that issues an UPDATE to the rows matching the given criteria by applying the Javascript function above to alter the existing document. No data is ever fetched or processed in the actual application tier.

Some blog posts you write for attention or self promotion, some you write just because you’re excited about the topic, and some posts you write just to try to stick some content for later into Google searches. This one’s all about users googling for this information down the road.

Out of the box, Marten uses Newtonsoft.Json as its primary JSON serialization mechanism. While Newtonsoft has outstanding customizability and the most flexible feature set, you can opt to forgo some of that flexibility in favor of higher performance by switching instead to the Jil serializer.

In the last couple months I finally made a big effort to be able to run Marten’s test suite using the Jil serializer. I had to make one small adjustment to our JilSerializer (turning on includeInherited), and a distressingly intrusive structural change to make the internal handling of Enum values (!) in Linq queries be dependent upon the internal serializer’s behavior for enum storage.

At this point, we’re not supplying a separate Marten.Jil adapter package, but the code to swap in Jil is just this class:

public class JilSerializer : ISerializer
{
    private readonly Options _options 
        = new Options(dateFormat: DateTimeFormat.ISO8601, includeInherited:true);

    public string ToJson(object document)
    {
        return JSON.Serialize(document, _options);
    }

    public T FromJson<T>(string json)
    {
        return JSON.Deserialize<T>(json, _options);
    }

    public T FromJson<T>(Stream stream)
    {
        return JSON.Deserialize<T>(new StreamReader(stream), _options);
    }

    public object FromJson(Type type, string json)
    {
        return JSON.Deserialize(json, type, _options);
    }

    public string ToCleanJson(object document)
    {
        return ToJson(document);
    }

    public EnumStorage EnumStorage => EnumStorage.AsString;
}

And this one line of code in your document store set up:

var store = DocumentStore.For(_ =>
{
    _.Connection("the connection string");

    // Replace the ISerializer w/ the JilSerializer
    _.Serializer<JilSerializer>();
});

A couple things to note about using Jil in place of Newtonsoft:

• The enumeration persistence behavior is different from Newtonsoft as it stores enum values by their string representation. Most Marten users seem to prefer this anyway, but watch the value of the “EnumStorage” property in your custom serializer.
• We’ve tried very hard with Marten to ensure that the Json stored in the database doesn’t require .Net type metadata, but the one thing we can’t address is having polymorphic child collections. For that particular use case, you’ll have to stick with Newtonsoft.Json and turn on its type metadata handling.

The Marten community has been making substantial progress toward a potential 1.0-alpha release early next week. As part of that effort, I’m going to be blogging about the new changes and features.

Recent versions of Marten (>0.9.5) have a new feature that allows you to enforce offline optimistic concurrency checks against documents that you are attempting to persist. You would use this feature if you’re concerned about a document in your current session having been modified by another session since you originally loaded the document.

I first learned about this concept from Martin Fowler’s PEAA book. From his definition, offline optimistic concurrency:

Prevents conflicts between concurrent business transactions by detecting a conflict and rolling back the transaction.

In Marten’s case, you have to explicitly opt into optimistic versioning for each document type. You can do that with either an attribute on your document type like so:

    [UseOptimisticConcurrency]
    public class CoffeeShop : Shop
    {
        // Guess where I'm at as I code this?
        public string Name { get; set; } = "Starbucks";
    }

Or by using Marten’s configuration API to do it programmatically:

    var store = DocumentStore.For(_ =>
    {
        _.Connection(ConnectionSource.ConnectionString);

        // Configure optimistic concurrency checks
        _.Schema.For<CoffeeShop>().UseOptimisticConcurrency(true);
    });

Once optimistic concurrency is turned on for the CoffeeShop document type, a session will now only be able to update a document if the document has been unchanged in the database since it was initially loaded.

To demonstrate the failure case, consider the following  acceptance test from Marten’s codebase:

[Fact]
public void update_with_stale_version_standard()
{
    var doc1 = new CoffeeShop();
    using (var session = theStore.OpenSession())
    {
        session.Store(doc1);
        session.SaveChanges();
    }

    var session1 = theStore.DirtyTrackedSession();
    var session2 = theStore.DirtyTrackedSession();

    var session1Copy = session1.Load<CoffeeShop>(doc1.Id);
    var session2Copy = session2.Load<CoffeeShop>(doc1.Id);

    try
    {
        session1Copy.Name = "Mozart's";
        session2Copy.Name = "Dominican Joe's";

        // Should go through just fine
        session2.SaveChanges();

        // When session1 tries to save its changes, Marten will detect
        // that the doc1 document has been modified and Marten will
        // throw an AggregateException
        var ex = Exception<AggregateException>.ShouldBeThrownBy(() =>
        {
            session1.SaveChanges();
        });

        // Marten will throw a ConcurrencyException for each document
        // that failed its concurrency check
        var concurrency = ex.InnerExceptions.OfType<ConcurrencyException>().Single();
        concurrency.Id.ShouldBe(doc1.Id);
        concurrency.Message.ShouldBe($"Optimistic concurrency check failed for {typeof(CoffeeShop).FullName} #{doc1.Id}");
    }
    finally
    {
        session1.Dispose();
        session2.Dispose();
    }

    // Just proving that the document was not overwritten
    using (var query = theStore.QuerySession())
    {
        query.Load<CoffeeShop>(doc1.Id).Name.ShouldBe("Dominican Joe's");
    }

}

Marten is throwing an AggregateException for the entire batch of changes being persisted from SaveChanges()/SaveChangesAsync() after rolling back the current database transaction. The individual ConcurrencyException’s inside of the aggregated exception expose information about the actual document type and identity that failed.

This blog post describes the preliminary support and thinking behind how we’ll manage schema changes to production using Marten. I’m writing this to further the conversation one of our teams is having about how best to accomplish this. Expect the details of how this works to change after we face real world usages for awhile;)

Some of our projects at work are transitioning from RavenDb to an OSS project I help lead called Marten that uses Postgresql as a fully fledged document database. Among the very large advantages of document databases over relational databases is how much simpler it is to evolve a system over time because it takes so much less mechanical work to keep your document database synchronized to the application code.

Exhibit #1 in the case against relational databases is the need for laboriously tracking database migrations (assuming you give a damn about halfway decent software engineering in regards to your database).

Let’s compare the steps in adding a new property to one of your persisted objects in your system. Using a relational database with any kind of ORM (even if it describes itself as “micro” or “simple”), your steps in some order would be to:

1. Add the new property
2. Add a migration script that adds a new column to your database schema
3. Change your ORM mapping or SQL statements to reflect the new property

Using a document database approach like Marten’s, you’d:

1. Add the new property and continue on with your day

Notice which list is clearly shorter and simpler — not to mention less error prone for that matter.

Marten does still need to create matching schema objects in your Postgresql database, and it’s unlikely that any self-respecting DBA is going to allow your application to have rights to execute schema changes programmatically, so we’re stuck needing some kind of migration strategy as we add document types, Javascript transformations, and retrofit indexes. Fortunately, we’ve got a decent start on doing just that that’s demonstrated below:

 

Just Get Stuff Done in Development!

As long as you have rights to alter your Postgresql database, you can happily set up Marten in one of the “AutoCreate” modes and not worry about schema changes at all as you happily code new features and change existing document types:

var store = DocumentStore.For(_ =>
{
    // Marten will create any new objects that are missing,
    // attempt to update tables if it can, but drop and replace
    // tables that it cannot patch. 
    _.AutoCreateSchemaObjects = AutoCreate.All;


    // Marten will create any new objects that are missing or
    // attempt to update tables if it can. Will *never* drop
    // any existing objects, so no data loss
    _.AutoCreateSchemaObjects = AutoCreate.CreateOrUpdate;


    // Marten will create missing objects on demand, but
    // will not change any existing schema objects
    _.AutoCreateSchemaObjects = AutoCreate.CreateOnly;
});

As long as you’re using a permissive auto creation mode, you should be able to code in your application model and let Marten change your development database as needed behind the scenes.

Patching Production Databases

In the next section, I demonstrate how to dump the entire data definition language (DDL) that matches your Marten configuration as if you were starting from an empty database, but first, I want to focus on how to make incremental changes between production or staging releases.

In the real world, you’re generally not going to allow your application to willy nilly make changes to the running schema and you’ll be forced into this setting:

var store = DocumentStore.For(_ =>
{
    // Marten will not create or update any schema objects 
    // and throws an exception in the case of a schema object
    // not reflecting the Marten confi
guration
    _.AutoCreateSchemaObjects = AutoCreate.None;
});

This leaves us with the problem of how to get our production database matching however we’ve configured Marten in our application code. At this point, our theory is that we’ll use the “WritePatch” feature to generate delta DDL files:

IDocumentStore.Schema.WritePatch(string file);

When this is executed against a configured Marten document store, it will loop through all of the known document types, javascript transforms, the event store usage, and check the configured storage against the actual database. Marten writes two files, one to move your schema “up” to match the configured document store, and a second “drop” file that would rollback your database schema to reverse the changes in the “up” file.

The patching today is able to:

1. Add all new tables, indexes, and functions
2. Detect when a generated function has changed and rebuild it after dropping the old version
3. Determine which indexes are new or modified and generate the necessary DDL to match
4. Add the event store schema objects if they’re active and missing
5. Add the database objects Marten needs for its “Hilo” identity strategy

This is very preliminary, but my concept of how we’ll use this in real life (admittedly with some gaps) is to:

• Use “AutoCreateSchemaObjects = AutoCreate.All” in development and CI and basically not worry at all about incremental schema changes.
• For each deployment to staging or production, we’ll use the WritePatch() method shown above to generate a patch SQL file that will then be committed to Git.
• I’m assuming that the patch SQL files generated by Marten could feed into a real database migration tool like RoundhousE, and we would incorporate RoundhousE into our automated deployments to execute the “up” scripts to the most current database version.

 

 

Dump all the Sql

If you just want a database script that will build all the necessary schema objects for your Marten configuration, you can export either a single file:

// Export the SQL to a file
store.Schema.WriteDDL("my_database.sql");

Or write a SQL file for each document type and functional area of Marten to a directory like this:

// Or instead, write a separate sql script
// to the named directory
// for each type of document
store.Schema.WriteDDLByType("some folder");

In the second usage, Marten also writes a file called “all.sql” that executes the constituent sql files in the correct order just in case you’re using Marten’s support for foreign keys between document types.

The SQL dumps from the two methods shown above will write out every possible database schema object necessary to support your Marten configuration (document types, the event store, and a few other things) including tables, the generated functions, indexes, and even a stray sequence or two.

Relational Databases are the Buggy Whips of Software Development

I think that there’s going to be a day when you tell your children stories about how we built systems against relational databases with ORM’s or stored procedures or hand written SQL and they’re going to be appalled at how bad we had it, much like I did when my grandfather told me stories about ploughing with a horse during the Great Depression.